Transoceanic Highway a gain - but at what cost?
The long-discussed route could open in 2011. Some say the project has a dark side.
PUERTO MALDONADO, Peru - The road crashes through the jungle like the fevered dream of the indomitable Fitzcarraldo, who schemes to transport a steamship overland through the Peruvian tropics in a cult film celebrating demented ambition.
The Transoceanic Highway, evoking engineering marvels such as the Transcontinental Railroad and the Panama Canal, has been talked about for decades, assuming a mythical stature that has led many to question whether the east-west thoroughfare linking Brazil's Atlantic ports with the Pacific docks of Peru would ever come to pass.
Now, Brazilian and Peruvian officials are pushing for a grand opening in 2011, once the final - and the most difficult - stretch of the highway is completed in Peru, where broad swaths of the road remain dirt, gravel, and mud.
This is some of the planet's most challenging road-building terrain. The southern stretch of the 3,400-mile Transoceanic Highway climbs from steamy jungle to rolling savannas to Andean cloud forests, pine expanses, and snow-blown glacial moonscapes reaching almost 16,000 feet - an elevation surpassing Mont Blanc, Europe's highest peak - before dropping down to the arid coast.
At highway speeds, ecosystems would whir by like signposts on a freeway.
The road is, in a sense, the culmination of departing Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva's determined campaign to cement his nation's leadership role in a region where Washington's supremacy has faded.
In Puerto Maldonado, a boisterous, anarchic river port about 150 miles of dense jungle south of the Brazilian border, the sonorous sounds of Brazilian-accented Portuguese can be heard along streets clogged with motorized tricycles. Samba beats and bossa nova tunes compete with merengue and musica chica, a blend of techno and salsa, at rowdy cantinas and garish karaoke bars.
Not everyone is thrilled about the Brazilian onslaught. Plans for vast new hydroelectric plants and dams in the Peruvian Amazon to help feed Brazil's voracious energy appetite have met stiff resistance from environmentalists and indigenous groups.
Skeptics warn of a quiet conquest with a smile, a handshake, and lilting Brazilian charm. "If Latin America is the backyard of the United States, then I say Peru is the patio of Brazil," said Roberto Ochoa, a columnist for La Republica newspaper in Lima, the Peruvian capital.
"What Brazil wants to do is extend its frontiers and influence in the Amazonian zone," Ochoa said. "It's easy to criticize the gringos for anything they do. But you mention something bad about the Brazilians and people say, 'Oh, they're happy, they're fun, they love futbol.' "
Once finished, the Transoceanic Highway will provide a link to the Pacific ports of Peru for the Brazilian economic dynamo.
Brazilians envision a much quicker route to China and elsewhere in Asia for their abundant commodities, notably soybeans, a crop whose cultivation has devastated vast tracts of Brazilian rain forest.
Peruvians hope for a Brazilian market for food products and building material, especially with a construction boom anticipated leading up to soccer's 2014 World Cup in Brazil.
Much of the highway through the sweaty heart of South America is already built and asphalted, especially in Brazil, where the terrain is mostly flat. But Peruvian engineers are hard at work on the road's last, and most problematic, section: a tortuous, 460-mile stretch from the steamy Amazon Basin and over the frosty Andes, which will connect down to the Pacific coast.
The existing roads on the Peruvian side have long been legendary, bone-crunching dirt tracks featuring don't-look switchbacks and delays that sometimes stretch for days, especially in the rainy season.
But even if the new highway makes life easier for drivers, there is a dark side. Puerto Maldonado and the surrounding Madre de Dios region are the heart of Peru's gold-rush country, booming now that the precious metal is fetching record prices.
Amateur prospectors have scarred the jungle and befouled the waters in a region that is home to one of the globe's most diverse collections of animals and vegetation - as well as a homeland for indigenous tribes, some ensconced deep in pristine forests, possibly uncontacted.
Visitors here are warned not to eat river fish - it may contain mercury, a toxic metal used in processing alluvial gold.
The gold fever, an illegal logging industry, and an ongoing population explosion in the Peruvian Amazon have contributed to a frontier-style social crisis of escalating proportions.
Clinics, schools, and public services are overwhelmed. Prostitution, illicit drug use, and alcoholism are rampant. Enforcement of environmental laws is lax to nonexistent. Tensions about land rights and resource use have sparked unruly protests.
"The highway is not a threat - people need and deserve better communication and transport," said Mariano Castro, a Lima lawyer and environmental activist. "The problem is that the social infrastructure is not ready for the additional demands that will come with the highway."